A aplicação da laserterapia no tratamento de traumas mamilares: revisão de literatura / Application of laser therapy in the treatment of nipple traumas: a literature review / Aplicación de laserterapia en el tratamiento del traumatismo del pezón: revisión de literatura

OBJETIVO: Identificar na literatura científica a aplicação da laserterapia de baixa intensidade no tratamento de traumas mamilares em puérperas. MÉTODO: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura. O levantamento das publicações ocorreu no período de setembro a novembro de 2020, utilizando os descritores "low-level light therapy" e "laser therapy", além da palavra-chave: "nipple trauma", nas bases de dados da PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopuse Web of Science.Após a leitura e análise dos artigos, 3 artigos foram selecionados para a amostra final. RESULTADOS: Os dados analisados compuseram dois eixos temáticos denominados: "Uso da laserterapia no alívio da dor mamilar" e "Uso da laserterapia na cicatrização de fissuras mamilares". CONCLUSÃO: A aplicação da laserterapia resultou na diminuição da dor e boa regeneração tecidual mamilar, contribuindo para manutenção do aleitamento materno.

OBJECTIVE: To identify in the scientific literature the application of low-level laser therapy in the treatment of nipple traumas in puerperal women. METHOD: This is an integrative literature review.The survey of publications took place from September to November2020, using the descriptors "low-level light therapy" and "laser therapy", in addition to the keyword"nipple trauma", in the PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus and Web of Science databases.After reading and analyzing the articles, 3 were selected for the finalsample. RESULTS: The analyzed data composed two thematic axes, namely: "The use of laser therapy for nipple pain relief" and "The use of laser therapy in the healing of nipple fissures". CONCLUSION: The application of laser therapy resulted in pain reduction and in good nipple tissue regeneration, contributing to the maintenance of breastfeeding.

OBJETIVO: Identificar en la literatura científica la aplicación de laserterapia de baja intensidad en el tratamiento del traumatismo del pezón en mujeres posparto. MÉTODO: Se trata de una revisión integradora de la literatura. El levantamiento de publicaciones se realizó de septiembre a noviembre de 2020, utilizando los descriptores "low-level light therapy" y "laser therapy", además de la palabra clave: "nipple trauma", en las bases de datos de PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus y Web of Science. Después de leer y analizar los artículos, se seleccionaron 3 artículos para la muestra final. RESULTADOS: Los datos analizados comprendieron dos ejes temáticos denominados: "Uso de laserterapia para aliviar el dolor del pezón" y "Uso de laserterapia para la cicatrización de las grietas del pezón". CONCLUSIÓN: La aplicación de laserterapia dio como resultado una disminución del dolor y una buena regeneración del tejido del pezón, contribuyendo al mantenimiento de la lactancia.

Mastopatía diabética: a propósito de un caso clínico / Diabetic mastopathy: a clinical case

La mastopatía diabética es una lesión fibroinflamatoria de la mama muy infrecuente, que característicamente se presenta en mujeres premenopáusicas y está fuertemente asociada a diabetes mellitus tipo I. La patogénesis es desconocida, sin embargo, histopatológicamente se ha observado una reacción en el tejido conectivo similar al de algunas enfermedades autoinmunes. La clínica y exámenes complementarios pueden ser sugerentes de neoplasia, por lo que se requiere estudio histopatológico para establecer el diagnóstico definitivo.

Diabetic mastopathy is a very infrequent fibro-inflammatory lesion generally found in pre-menopausal women and is strongly associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Its pathogenesis is unknown; however its histopathology shows a connective tissue reaction similar to that of some auto-immune diseases. Its clinical presentation and complementary tests may suggest neoplasm, thus definitive diagnosis requires a histopathological study.

Pioderma gangrenoso en mamoplastía de reducción con pedículo inferior / Pyoderma gangrenosum secondary to reduction mammoplasty

Background: Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is an uncommon inflammatory and ulcerative disorder of the skin. It may be associated with immune deficiencies. It is usually located in the extremities and its appearance after reduction mammoplasty is exceptional. We report three patients with the disease. A 54 years old female subjected to a bilateral reduction mammoplasty with an inferior pedicle. She developed a pyoderma gangrenosum and was treated with systemic steroids and local application of Dapsone with remission of lesions and healing after one month of evolution. A 23 years old women subjected to the same surgical procedure, which developed a wound dehiscence with ulcerative lesions, was treated with steroids and Azathioprine, reducing the local inflammation but leaving a severe esthetic sequel. A 21 years old woman subjected to the same surgical procedure, develop bilateral wound dehiscence and ulcerative lesions, she was treated with steroids and antimicrobials achieving a secondary healing...

Introducción: El Pioderma Gangrenoso es una enfermedad poco frecuente, de difícil diagnóstico y manejo. Puede estar asociado a otras enfermedades, en donde la alteración de la respuesta inmune es común. Su presentación por lo general corresponde a lesiones ulceradas de la piel ubicadas con frecuencia en las extremidades, siendo su presentación en las mamas excepcional; y mucho más rara su relación post mamoplastía de reducción. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de pacientes sometidas a mamoplastía de reducción con pedículo inferior, asociadas al desarrollo de pioderma gangrenoso post-quirúrgico, durante un período comprendido entre los años 2000 y 2011. Resultados: Se recolectaron 3 pacientes, se describen sus casos clínicos con respecto a esta ubicación, analizando su presentación, evolución y manejo de la enfermedad. Discusión: La presentación del pioderma gangrenoso post-quirúrgico en relación a la mamoplastía de reducción comparte ciertas similitudes, las cuales deben orientar al diagnóstico precoz y de esta forma evitar manejos erróneos que pueden ser deletéreos, secuelantes e incluso potencialmente mortales...

Pioderma gangrenoso de la mama: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Pyoderma gangrenosum of the breast: a case report and literature review

El pioderma gangrenoso es una rara enfermedad inflamatoria que se caracteriza por una necrosis dolorosa de la piel que no cuenta con un tratamiento gold standard. Generalmente se asocia a enfermedades sistémicas, pero también se puede presentar después de procedimientos quirúrgicos. El diagnóstico es por exclusión, por esta razón es importante el estudio de enfermedades sistémicas e infecciones de la piel. El pioderma gangrenoso de la mama es un fenómeno poco frecuente, sólo se han reportado algunos casos. A continuación presentamos un caso de pioderma gangrenoso de la mama post reducción mamaria.

Pyoderma gangrenosum is a rare inflammatory disease characterized by a painful skin necrosis, and does not have a gold standard treatment. Usually associated with systemic diseases, may occur after surgical procedures. Diagnosis is made by exclusion, therefore it is important to rule out systemic diseases and infections of the skin. Pyoderma gangrenosum of the breast is a rare phenomenon, only few cases have been reported. We present a case of pyoderma gangrenosum of the breast post breast reduction.

Problemas com a mama puerperal revelados por mães soropositivas / Problemas puerperales en las mamas de madres seropositivas / Problems with the puerperal breast revealed by HIV-infected mothers

Em virtude da recomendação de não amamentar, a mulher soropositiva para o HIV poderá enfrentar problemas mamários. Objetivou-se conhecer situações vivenciadas e reveladas por mulheres HIV positivas, diante da não-amamentação. Estudo qualitativo, com 15 mulheres com HIV/Aids, realizado em ambulatório de um hospital referência em Fortaleza, Ceará. Entrevistas gravadas tiveram seus conteúdos transcritos e analisados. As mães revelaram problemas com as mamas após o parto, como o ingurgitamento e dores neste local. Informaram ter recebido orientação no pré-natal para não amamentar, mas não houve continuidade do cuidado no pós-parto. Foi reduzido o uso de inibidores da lactação e enfaixamento das mamas. Para orientar as puérperas soropositivas, os profissionais de saúde devem adotar medidas adequadas. Também os serviços de saúde necessitam ampliar estratégias para minimizar os problemas emocionais decorrentes da não-amamentação, bem como do desconforto na mama puerperal.

Given the recommendation not to breastfeed their infants, HIV-positive women may experience breast problems. The aim of the study was to gain knowledge regarding breast health as revealed by HIV+ women before the non-breast-feeding. This qualitative study was performed with 15 mothers with HIV/ AIDS in Fortaleza, Brazil. Recorded interviews were transcribed and analyzed. The mothers revealed problems with their breasts following childbirth, such as engorgement and pain in the breasts. They revealed that they received instruction in the course of prenatal care not to breastfeed; however, there was no further instruction or care in the postpartum period. The use of lactation inhibitors and bandaging (binding) of the breast were reduced. Health professionals should adopt appropriate measures to guide HIV- positive parturient women. Health services need to broaden strategies to minimize the current emotional problems resulting from non-breast-feeding, as well as the discomfort in the puerperal breast.

En virtud de la recomendación de no amamantar, la mujer seropositiva al HIV podrá sufrir problemas mamarios. Se planteó el objetivo de conocer situaciones vivenciadas y referidas por mujeres HIV positivas frente al hecho de no poder amamantar. El estudio fue de carácter cualitativo, con quince mujeres con HIV/AIDS, realizado en el Ambulatorio de un hospital referencial en Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil. Las entrevistas fueron grabadas, y sus contenidos, transcriptos y analizados. Las madres refirieron problemas con las mamas después del parto, como ingurgitación y dolores en la zona. Informaron haber recibido orientación en la etapa prenatal para no amamantar, más no hubo continuidad del cuidado en la etapa posparto. El uso de inhibidores de la lactación y el fajado de las mamas fue escaso. Para orientar a las puérperas seropositivas, los profesionales de la salud deben adoptar medidas adecuadas. De igual modo, los servicios de salud necesitan ampliar estrategias para minimizar los problemas emocionales derivados del no amamantar, así como para la incomodidad de la mama puerperal.

Nódulos mamários como manifestação primária de poliarterite nodosa / Breast nodules as a primary manifestation of polyarteritis nodosa

A poliarterite nodosa é uma vasculite necrosante sistêmica caracterizada por processo inflamatório agudo e necrose fibrinóide das artérias de pequeno e médio calibre. É uma doença rara, com prevalência na população geral de cerca de 6 por 100.000 pessoas, e duas vezes mais freqüente em homens. O quadro clínico é variável e constituído usualmente por sintomas gerais (febre, astenia, emagrecimento) e sintomatologia relacionada com envolvimento multiorgânico (articular, neurológico, cutâneo, digestivo, renal, cardíaco e hipertensão arterial). Outros órgãos também podem estar envolvidos mais raramente, como: testículo, útero, mama e retina. Relatamos o caso de uma paciente do sexo feminino com diagnóstico de PAN firmado após biópsia de nódulo mamário. O envolvimento mamário é uma forma não usual de manifestação de PAN, sendo descritos na literatura cerca de dez casos, em sua maioria lesões mamárias como achados isolados e com prognóstico favorável.

Polyarteritis nodosa is a systemic necrotizing vasculitis chacterized by an acute inflammatory process and fibrinoid necrosis of small and medium vessels. It is a rare disease with prevalence in the general population of 6 per 100,000 people. It is more common in men with a male/female ratio of 2:1. The clinical features are variable but most patients present with generalized symptoms including fever, fatigue and weight loss and/or the symptoms can be related to multi-organ involvement (skin, gastrointestinal tract, joints, nervous system, kidneys, cardiovascular system). Rarely, other organs can be compromised such as breasts, testicles, uterus, and retina. In this case report, a female patient had the diagnosis of polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) made after a breast nodule biopsy. Localized involvement of the breast is unusual manifestation of PAN. To date, 10 cases have been reported, in most cases breast lesions were an isolated finding, and the prognosis was favourable.

Self inflicted, bilateral oleogranuloma of the breast: report of a bizarre case.

A 30-year-old male was admitted with bilateral painful breast enlargement of 6 months duration. There was a past history of surgery for similar bilateral swellings, which was then diagnosed as fibrocystic disease. On examination both breasts were firm to hard, tender & adherent to deeper structures. A single axillary lymph node was palpable on each side. The clinical diagnosis was sarcoma of the breast. After initial denial, the patient confessed to having injected gear oil into both the breasts,for the purpose of augmentation. He was a homosexual.

Descarga papilar: relação com o câncer de mama e estratégias para a sua abordagem / Nipple discharge: relation with breast cancer and its approach

A descarga papilar está presente em 5% das mulheres e ocorre em razão de causas fisiológicas, doenças benignas da mama e câncer de mama. Algumas das lesões benignas da mama estão relacionadas a um maior risco de desenvolvimento de patologia maligna mamária. A papilar para a avaliação desse sintoma mamário e sua relação com as lesões benignas importância da descarga papilar está na possibilidade de essa condição associar-se a câncer de mama. Uma avaliação clínica detalhada é fundamental para a determinação da abordagem terapêutica da paciente com descarga papilar. Foram avaliadas 23 pacientes do Serviço de Mastologia do Instituto Fernandes Figueira/Fiocruz submetidas à exérese de árvore ductal em virtude de descarga e com o câncer de mama. Das 23 pacientes analisadas, o resultado histopatológico foi de lesão benigna não proliferativa em 26,1%, lesão proliferativa sem atipias em 60,8%, hiperplasia ductal com atipias em 8,7% e câncer em 4,4%. Os resultados demonstraram que em 69,5% dos casos a histopatologia foi de lesão proliferativa de mama, que, apesar de benigna, apresenta maior risco de desenvolvimento do câncer de mama. Apesar de a descarga papilar estar na maioria dos casos relacionada à doença mamária benigna, em alguns casos esta se associa a um risco aumentado de câncer de mama. É fundamental ressaltar que pode haver uma relação entre a descarga papilar e o câncer de mama, embora este não seja a correspondência histopatológica mais freqüente da descarga papilar.

Nipple discharge is present in 5% of women and occurs due to physiological causes, benign breast disease and breast cancer. Some of benign breast lesions are associated with a higher risk of malignant breast diseases development. The importance of nipple discharge is the possibility of this condition to be associate with breast cancer. A detailed clinical evaluation is fundamental to determinate the therapeutic approach of a patient with nipple discharge. Twenthy-three patients from the Mastology Department of Fernandes Figueira Institute/Fiocruz were submitted to removal of central mammary ducts due to nipple discharge for evaluation of this symptom and its relationship with benign breast lesions and breast cancer. The histopathological results from 23 patients that have been analysed were not proliferative benign breast lesions in 26.1%, proliferative lesions without atypias in 60.8%, atypical ductal hyperplasia in 8.7% and 4 cancer in 4,4%. The results proved 69.5% of proliferative breast lesions thats presents a higher risk of breast cancer development. Although nipple discharge is associated in most of the cases with benign breast diseases sometime it is related to a higher risk of breast cancer. It is important to emphasize that it could be a relation between nipple discharge and breast cancer even if it is not the most frequent, histopathological correspondence of nipple discharge.

Breast cancer risk factors in south of Islamic Republic of Iran: a case-control study

A case-control study was carried out from April 2000 to March 2002 to investigate risk factors for breast cancer in Bandar Abbas, south Islamic Republic of Iran. Using logistic regression analysis, 168 women with pathologically confirmed primary breast cancer were compared with 504 age-matched controls. Significant risk factors were: family history of breast cancer in a first-degree relative, younger age at menarche, never married, first full-term pregnancy age 30+ years and > 5 full-term pregnancies. In multivariate analysis, negative history of breastfeeding was also significant. Cases and controls did not differ with regard to parity, history of abortion, oral contraceptive use, menopausal status, age at menopause, ever-use of hormone replacement therapy, history of benign breast disease or history of cigarette smoking

Breast tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is the most widespread and persistent human infection in the world. Tuberculosis of the breast is an uncommon disease with an incidence range between 0.1-3%, for all the breast diseases treated surgically. We present a case with primary breast tuberculosis. The diagnosis was made based on result of pathological examination of incision biopsy and cure had been obtained with anti-tuberculosis therapy with 4 drugs. Especially for patients from the areas where tuberculosis is endemic, tuberculosis must be considered in differential diagnosis of breast lesions

Unilateral Breast Edema: Spectrum of Etiologies and Imaging Appearances

Breast edema is defined as a mammographic pattern of skin thickening, increased parenchymal density, and interstitial marking. It can be caused by benign or malignant diseases, as a result of a tumor in the dermal lymphatics of the breast, lymphatic congestion caused by breast, lymphatic drainage obstruction, or by congestive heart failure. Here we describe several conditions, that cause unilateral breast edema with the aim of familiarizing radiologists with these disease entities.

Pattern of benign breast diseases

This observational study was done on 234 patients at surgical unit-1 of Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi to see the pattern of benign breast diseases in females. All patients presenting with breast lumps were evaluated clinically and subjected to FNAC or core needle biopsy. Fibrocystic disease was the commonest [26.92%] followed by fibroadenoma [23.50%]. fibrocystic disease was common in 5th decade [41.26%] and fibro adenoma in 2nd decade [42.27%] of life. Incidence of mastalgia [8.54%] was quite low with chronic granulomatous mastitis [5.98%] quite high in our study as compared to international literature

Tuberculosis of breast in a woman with history of prolactinoma [a case repot]

Tuberculosis [TB] contains a broad range of clinical illnesses. It is the most frequent cause of death worldwide. TB was a global public health emergency from 1993 for world health organization. The world health organization estimated the eradication of tuberculosis until year of 2000, when detected the drug's for tuberculosis treatment. But in later years AIDS pandemic increased the tuberculosis. Tuberculosis causes most of the time lung complication but also can infect other organs as well. Breast tuberculosis is a very rare infection that can be mistaken with breast cancer.This is a case report of female patient with 25 years age who has prolactinoma from three years ago and has milky and epudative discharge since one year ago. She had medical and surgical drainage. Since there was no response to treatment, biopsy was taken and pathologic evaluation demonstrated the granuloma with caseosis. Patient was treated with antituberculosis drug and there was no recurrent for one year follow up

Fatores de risco para o câncer de mama e para lesöes pré-malignas em mulheres assintomáticas no Distrito Federal / Risk factors in breast cancer and pre-malignant lesions among asymptomatic women in the Federal District

Objetivo: Investigar associaçäo entre câncer de mama e dez fatores de risco. Método: Foi feito estudo transversal, de dezembro de 93 a julho de 96, em serviço privado de mamografia no Distrito Federal. Foram identificadas 3.209 mulheres assintomáticas dentre 5.684 mulheres atendidas. Todas preencheram um questionário padräo e foram submetidas a exames clínico e mamográfico. Critérios para elegibilidade com padröes recomendados internacionalmente. Estimativas brutas, por ponto e por intervalo, e da razäo de chances - RC ("odds ratio") foram obtidas para as variáveis. A análise conjunta dos fatores foi realizada, utilizando-se a técnica de regressäo logística e o programa estatístico SAS. Resultados: ter tido câncer de mama anteriormente (RC = 17,4; intervalo de confiança - IC - de 95 por cento: 3,8 - 80,4) e fazer uso de anticoncepcional (RC = 3,7; IC de 95 por cento: 1,6-8,5) foram os fatores de risco que mostraram associaçäo. Näo foi encontrada relaçäo estatística entre câncer de mama e menopausa tardia, menarca precoce, terapia de reposiçäo hormonal e idade. O antecedente familiar apresentou níveis de significância estatística próximos da rejeiçäo (RC = 2,0; IC de 95 por cento: 0,9 - 4,5). Conclusäo: A existência de múltiplos fatores de risco limita a prevençäo primária do câncer de mama. A secundária, por meio da detecçäo de lesöes subclínicas, constitui-se em alternativa para reduzir a mortalidade pela doença

Idiopathic granulomatous lobular mastitis

To study the histologic and clinical features of idiopathic granulomatous lobular mastitis among Saudi females in Asir Region and to increase awareness of this disease among pathologists and surgeons practicing in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A review of 312 breast biopsies at the histopathology laboratory of Asir Central Hospital, over an eight and a half year period [January 1987 to June 1995] revealed a total of 8 cases of granulomatous mastitis. Only one case proved to be tuberculous mastitis and is excluded from the current study. The remaining 7 cases fitted the diagnosis of idiopathic granulomatous lobular mastitis. The latter diagnosis was made based on the classic histological features and absence of microorganisms using special stains and cultures. The mean age of the 7 patients was 28.8 years [range 22-23 years]. Right and left sides of the breast were equally affected and all patients gave a history of delivery within 3 years before the biopsy was taken [mean no. of years since last delivery = 1.6 years; range =0.4-3 years]. Malignancy was clinically suspected in 4 patients, chronic inflammation was only suspected in one patient and no prebiopsy clinical impression was given for the two remaining cases. Treatment and follow-up of the 7 cases is not well documented as complete excision was carried out in 4 cases with lesion free follow-up period of only 1.5 years, whereas in the remaining 3 cases an incisional biopsy was carried out and patients were lost to follow-up. The current study showed that histological and clinical feature idiopathic granulomatous lobular mastitis among Saudi female patients is similar to that reported in other countries and that this disease is not uncommon in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, the awareness of this entity should be increased among pathologists and surgeons in Saudi Arabia